- Geography: language
|
Thursday, 12 May 2016
Top 50 most spoken languages.
Top 10 OS
TECHNOLOGY: mobile OS
Many people have lot of knowledge about different mobile phones and their manufacturer companies but a very few of them know something about operating systems. It is very important to know about different mobile OS used by a number of companies so that you can actually know that what is the main reason behind your smartphone’s smooth and colorful touchscreen.
So, I am going to introduce you to Top 10 Mobile Operating Systems. These operating system is the heart of mobile devices, it gives different types of features to the mobile devices. So that mobile user feel comfort. Modern Operating Systems combine the feature of personal computer operating system with touchscreen, Bluetooth, GPS, Wi-Fi, camera, speech recognition, music player and personal digital.
There is tough competition in mobile OS but Android OS is beating up all other Operating Systems, even the iOS. Symbian, which was once a popular in industry is also observing a diminishing slope. iOS might continue to compete Android, and with release of Windows Phone 8. In 2014 there is a competition between Windows phone and Android phone. We might also see some healthy competition in future.
Top Mobile Operating System
1. Symbian
Symbian Operating System is officially the property of Nokia. It means that any other company must have to take permission from Nokia before using this operating system. Still Symbian is widely used in low-end phones but the demand of Symbian phone has been continuously decreasing. By upgrading Symbian mobile OS, Nokia has made it capable to run on smartphones efficiently. Symbian ANNA and BELLE are two latest update which are currently used in Nokia’s Smartphone. Symbian OS is excellently designed and is very user-friendly.
 |
| Unfortunately, Symbian OS demand is going downwards nowadays due to immense popularity of Android, Windows and iOS. Lastly Nokia says Sayonara to Symbian in June 2013 and moved toward Nokia Lumia Series.. |
2. Android Operating System
On 20 September 2008 Google released the first Android Operating System by the name of ‘ASTRO’. After some time next upgraded versions ‘BENDER’ and ‘CUPCAKE’ were also released. After that Google adopted the trend of naming android versions after any dessert or a sweet in alphabetical order. The other release are Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich, Jelly Bean,Lollipop and the latest version is Android marshmallow
Just after releasing into the smartphone and tablet Android gained max popularity due to its features, appearance and efficient working. Many new features are introduced in every update of Android, every update fix bugs in Android OS as well as improved in performance and also gives a beautiful user interface.Google Play is an official app market which provides millions of different apps for Android Phones. Samsung, Motorola, HTC, Micromax, Sony and many other popular manufacturers are using Android OS in there devices. Nowadays Android is one of the top OS and gives tough fight to Windows OS and iOS.
Some of the smartphone operating on Android OS are HTC, Samsung Galaxy, Motorola Droid Razr, Nexus 5.
3. Blackberry OS
Blackberry Operating System is the property of RIM (Research In Motion) and was released in 1999. RIM has developed this operating system for its Blackberry Smartphones. Blackberry OS is completely different than other operating system. Smartphone design as well as interface style is also different having a trackball for moving of the menu and a qwerty keyboard.
Blackberry OS is the close source OS and it is not available for any other manufactures, just like Apple. Apple is also a close source OS. The latest release of this OS is Blackberry OS 10.2.1.3. which was introduced in May 2014. It is very reliable OS also immune to almost all type viruses.Some of smartphones operating on Blackberry OS are Blackberry Bold, Blackberry Curve, Blackberry 8520, Blackberry Z10,Blackberry Q10 and Blackberry Torch.
4. Windows OS
All of you are familiar with Windows Operating System which is used in computer all over the world. Windows OS is also used in mobile phones but normal mobile phone user find it a bit difficult to operate it but at the same time it was very popular among people who were used to it.
The latest Windows released by Microsoft is known as Windows 8.1 which has gained immense popularity among all kind of users. With its colorful and user friendly interface it has given Windows OS a new life and it is currently in demand all over the world.
The main reason behind its success is that this latest OS is used in the most powerful device made by Nokia. The computer like look has totally vanished from the windows phones with the release of Windows 8. Samsung and HTC also released some Windows based phones but they could not get popular in market.
Nokia Lumia series is completely operate on Windows OS.
5. Apple iOS
iOS was released on 29 June 2007 when the first iPhone was developed. Since then iOS has been provided many updates and the latest one is iOS 8.0 Beta 3. released on 7 July 2014 Apple has still not allowed any other manufacturer to lay hands on its operating system. Apple has more concentrated on the performance rather than appearance. This is the reason that the basic appearance of iOS is almost the same as it was in 2007. This is the very user friendly OS and one of the best OS in all over the world.
So far iOS has been used in iPhone,iPhone 2G, iPhone 3G, iPhone 4, iPhone 4S and the latest is iPhone 6 which will be launch on 19 September 2014. Apple would launch the next generation iPhone at its Worldwide Developer Conference keynote on 2 June. Apple instead used the event unveil iOS and OS X 10.10 Yosemite, So no new iPhone just yet. .
6. BADA
Like others the Samsung also has its own OS which is known as “BADA”. This operating system is designed for mid range and high end phones. Bada is the user friendly and most efficient operating system, much like Android OS but Samsung did not use this OS due to some unknown reasons.
.
The latest version of Bada 2.0.5 was released on 15 March 2012. There are only three phones which are currently operating on Bada OS. These three smartphones are Samsung Wave, Samsung Wave 2 and Samsung Wave 3.
7. Palm OS (Garnet OS)
Palm OS is developed by Palm in1996 especially for Personal Digital Assistance (PDA). This OS basically design to work on touchscreen devices. After some years it was upgraded and was able to support smartphones. Unfortunately it could not become popular in market and currently it is not being used in any latest top devices.
The latest update of Palm OS in 2007. Palm OS was used many popular companies including Lenovo, Janam, Kyocera and IBM.
8. Open Web OS
HP Web OS or Web OS is known as Open Web OS which was developed by Palm but after some years it became the property of Hewlett Packard. It was released in 2009 and was used in few smartphones and tablets.
The latest device which operates on Open Web OS was HP Touch Pad. With the introduction of Android OS in the market sales of HP Web OS based tablets come down rapidly. At last HP announced to discontinue Web OS based devices, but the existing users were assured that they will get regular updates of the operating system.
9. MeeGo
MeeGo was basically called a mobile platform but it was actually designed to run multiple electronic devices including handhelds, in car devices, television sets and net books.All the devices which operate on MeeGo have the same but the user interface is different according to the device
. The devices operating on MeeGo Os are Jolla (mobile phone), Lenovo IdeaPad S100, Nokia N9 and Nokia N950. Finally Nokia says bye bye to MeeGo in January 2014 and does not provide any support or update
10. Maemo
Nokia and Maemo community came together to produce an operating system for smartphones and tablets, known as Maemo. It is based on Debian GNU/Linux distribution. Maemo is mostly an open source code and has been developed by Maemo Devices within Nokia. The user interface in Maemo is similar to many hand-held interfaces. Like other devices the user interface of Maemo also comprised of a menu from which the user can go to any location.
Like Android Phone,the home screen is divided into multiple sections which show internet search bar, different shortcut menu and all other things. In February 2010, it was announced that the Maemo project would be merging with Moblin to create a new fresh operating system known as MeeGo.
Judge rules in favor of Republicans in Obamacare challenge
NEWS:Obama care.
A federal judge ruled Thursday against the administration in a challenge to a portion of the Affordable Care Act brought by the House of Representatives.
At issue is the "cost sharing" provision in the law that requires insurance companies offering health plans through the law to reduce out-of-pocket costs for policy holders who qualify. The government offsets the added costs to insurance companies by reimbursing them.
But lawyers for the House argued that Congress did not properly approve the money for those reimbursements.
U.S. District Judge Rosemary Collyer, who was appointed to the bench by President George W. Bush, sided with the challengers but said that she would stay her ruling pending appeal.
"Congress is the only source for such an appropriation, and no public money can be spent without one," she wrote.
Self-Assembling Molecules Offer New Clues on Life's Possible Origin.
SCIENCE: Origin of life.
Chemicals known as TAPAS and CA assemble together forming rosettes that then stack into genelike chains
A pair of RNA-like molecules can spontaneously assemble into gene-length chains, chemists in the United States and Spain report. Billions of years ago, related molecules may have created a rudimentary form of genetic information that eventually led to the evolution of RNA and life itself, the researchers say. Although it's likely to be difficult, if not impossible, to prove whether similar proto-RNAs were present at the dawn of life, the researchers are working to see if the proto-RNAs can indeed faithfully encode information and evolve toward RNA.
Origin of life researchers have long thought that RNA, the molecular cousin of the DNA that encodes our genes, may have played a starring role in the initial evolution of life from a soup of organic molecules. RNA has a simpler structure than DNA and is a more adept chemical catalyst. So it would seem that RNA-based life might arise more readily than DNA-based life.
But there are problems with this so-called RNA World hypothesis. For starters, in water, the four chemical components of RNA—the nucleotides abbreviated A, G, C, and U—don't spontaneously assemble to create sizable molecules. So it remains a mystery how the first long gene-length chains of RNA could have taken shape in Earth's ancient oceans. This and other conundrums have led many to believe that RNA may itself be the product of early molecular evolution, and that proto-RNAs arose first and eventually gave way to RNA. "RNA is so perfect today that it has to be the product of evolution," says Nicholas Hud, a chemist at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) in Atlanta.
Researchers have toyed with the idea of proto-RNA for decades and even come up with potential chemical candidates. One such set of proto-RNAs involves two chemicals called cyanuric acid (CA) and triaminopyrimidine (TAP). TAP comes from a family of compounds known as pyrimidines, as do the RNA bases C and U. CA, meanwhile, is a close pyrimidine relative. Previous research had shown that when CA and TAP were put in an organic solvent, groups of three CAs and three TAPs would spontaneously form ringlike structures called rosettes. These rosettes would then stack atop one another to form long chains.
Unfortunately, in water CA and TAP clump together in large ribbons and sheets and quickly fall out of solution, making it hard to conceive of how these proto-RNAs could have stored genetic information in the earliest stages of life.
Now, however, Hud and his colleagues at Georgia Tech and the Institute for Research in Biomedicine in Barcelona, Spain, havesolved this solvent problem. The researchers gave TAP a short chemical tail, transforming it into a chemical they call TAPAS, as they reported on Friday in theJournal of the American Chemical Society. And that one change encourages it to assemble with CA to form rosettes in water. What is more, the rosettes stack atop one another, forming long genelike chains made up of as many as 18,000 individual TAPAS and CA components—quite a stack of small plates.
"The nice thing [about the current study] is this is a demonstration of self-assembly in water," says Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy, an origin of life chemist at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California. "That is a step in the right direction."
The next step, Hud says, will be to see whether this two-component assembly can be made to encode information like a primitive gene and to evolve toward the structure of RNA. If so, that still won't settle the debate as to whether CA and TAPAS gave life its start. But it will suggest one plausible chemical route to life's origin.
Science is closer to explaining origin of life.
SCIENCE: Origin of life.
Chemists believe they may have found how reactions on early Earth may have given rise to molecules vital for genetics and energy metabolism.
The molecular dance that led to the origin of life billions of years ago remains one of the deepest mysteries in modern science. Though the exact choreography is forever lost to time, scientists now say they may have identified one of the key steps. Chemists in Germany today report a plausible way in which basic chemicals available on early Earth may have given rise to compounds called purines—chemicals that are a key ingredient of DNA, RNA, and energy metabolism in all cells.
The new work is “very pretty chemistry,” says Gerald Joyce, a chemist at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California, who specializes in the chemistry that may have given rise to life.
Joyce and others have long suggested that one of the key early events in this process was the formation of RNA—a long chainlike molecule that conveys genetic information and speeds up other chemical reactions. Both of those functions were necessary for life to evolve. But sorting out how RNA itself may have arisen—and led to an “RNA world”—has been a struggle.
RNA is made up of four different chemical building blocks: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). Seven years ago, researchers led by the U.K. chemist John Sutherland showed a plausible series of steps by which chemical reactions on early Earth could have synthesized cytosine and uracil, also known as pyrimidines. But this route hasn’t been shown to give rise to adenine or guanine, RNA’s purine building blocks. Others partially succeeded in the purine quest. In 1972, the U.K. chemist Leslie Orgel and colleagues suggested one possible route for purine formation on early Earth. But it never seemed all that plausible, says Thomas Carell, a chemist at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in Germany. That’s in part because the process produced only tiny amounts of the purines so vital for life.
“People have been looking for synthetic routes to making purines for 40 years,” Carell says.
Carell and colleagues stumbled on a new lead several years ago, when they were studying how DNA is damaged. DNA is very similar to RNA, except that uracil is replaced with thymine. They were studying how a molecule called formamidopyrimidine (FaPy) reacts with DNA, and found it also readily reacts to form purines. So they decided to look into whether early Earth conditions could have given rise to FaPys, and thus purines.
The first step was easy. It requires only hydrogen, cyanide, and water. Hydrogen cyanide, a simple molecule containing only three atoms—hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon—is widely believed to have been abundant on early Earth. It readily reacts in water—also thought to be plentiful at the time—to form one of a class of molecules called aminopyrimidines, which contain several chemical groups called amines. Normally, these amines react indiscriminately to form a wide mix of different compounds. That’s a bad thing in this case, Carell explains, because most of those products wouldn’t be purines.
Carell needed to find a way to stop all but one critical amine from reacting. “Initially I thought this would never work,” Carell says. But the solution, he says, was far simpler than he expected. When Carell’s team spiked their solution with just a bit of an acid—also widely considered abundant on early Earth—a reaction caused an extra proton from the acid to attach to the aminopyrimidine. That extra proton killed the reactivity of all but one of the amine groups on the molecule. And much to Carell’s delight, the lone amine that stayed reactive was precisely the one that reacts to form a purine.
That’s not all. Further lab results presented today in Science show that the reactive amine on the aminopyrimidine readily bonds with either formic acid or formamide. Last year, the Rosetta space probe detected both of those chemicals on a comet, so scientists think they also probably rained down on early Earth. Once the bonds have formed, products of those reactions then eagerly react with sugars to create large quantities of purines. “It’s like a domino cascade,” Carell says.
Mic drop? Not so fast, says Steven Benner, a chemist and origin of life expert at the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution in Alachua, Florida. Benner agrees that the newly suggested purine synthesis is a “major step forward” for the field. But even if it’s correct, he says, the chemical conditions that gave rise to the purines still don’t match those that Sutherland’s group suggests may have led to the pyrimidines. So just how As, Gs, Cs, and Us would have ended up together isn’t yet clear. And even if all the RNA bases were in the same place at the same time, it’s still not obvious what drove the bases to link up to form full-fledged RNAs, Benner says.
We’re here, so it must have happened somehow. But RNA-world researchers still need to line up a few more dominoes before one of the greatest mysteries of life will be truly solved.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)